Concept · Cognitive Bias: Memory biases and distortions

Testing effect (retrieval practice effect)

Origin: Roediger & Karpicke, 2006

Biological Parallel

Predators that actively hunt develop sharper prey-tracking skills than scavengers—retrieval effort strengthens neural pathways through reconsolidation. Each memory recall is a rewriting event that either reinforces or updates the pattern based on current context. Testing isn't assessment; it's neural strength training that predicts which patterns will be accessible under future stress.