A&P (Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company)

A&P's 2015 liquidation ended 156 years of grocery retailing. Once America's largest retailer, A&P couldn't survive competition from Walmart, Kroger, and new formats like Whole Foods and Trader Joe's. The company filed bankruptcy twice (2010, 2015) before liquidation. The mechanism failure was format obsolescence—A&P's conventional supermarket format lost customers to competitors offering better prices, selection, or experience.