Bonnet Macaque

Bonnet macaques demonstrate matrilineal hierarchy like spotted hyenas and savanna baboons, but with more flexibility in rank relationships. Rank reversals occur more frequently, and coalition dynamics can override maternal inheritance more easily. This flexibility provides a contrast to the rigid hierarchies seen in some other matrilineal species.

Tolerance is higher than in rhesus macaques. Bonnet macaques show more affiliative behavior and less aggressive rank enforcement than closely related rhesus macaques. The matrilineal structure exists but is maintained with less coercion. Social relationships include more tolerance alongside hierarchy.

Male-female relationships affect female rank. Unlike species where female rank is purely determined by maternal lineage, bonnet macaque females can leverage male allies to improve their position. These male-female coalitions add complexity to the matrilineal system.

Urban populations show modified hierarchy. Bonnet macaques in cities show altered dominance patterns, with more rank instability and coalition shifting. The novel urban environment may disrupt the matrilineal system that evolved in forest conditions.

For organizations, bonnet macaques illustrate that hierarchy can be maintained with tolerance rather than coercion. Less enforcement doesn't necessarily mean less structure—hierarchy can coexist with flexible relationships.