Central Banks & Monetary Authorities
20 monetary authorities explored through the lens of biology. Central banks are the homeostatic regulators of their economies, maintaining stability through feedback loops much like the hypothalamus regulates body temperature.
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority manages over $1 trillion — a sovereign wealth fund wholly dependent on oil revenues transferred at the discretion o...
African Development Bank
The African Development Bank is the premier multilateral development finance institution for Africa, established in 1964. Unlike other regional develo...
Asian Development Bank
The ADB is Asia's regional multilateral development bank, founded in 1966 with Japan and US as co-dominant shareholders (15.6% voting power each). Des...
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
AIIB is a China-led multilateral development bank launched in 2016 with $100 billion in authorized capital. It was created partly as an alternative to...
Bank for International Settlements
The Bank for International Settlements is the central bank of central banks — a Basel-based institution where 63 central bank governors meet bi-monthl...
Bank of England
The BoE is the world's second-oldest central bank (founded 1694) and model for modern central banking. Granted operational independence in 1997, it se...
Bank of Japan
The Bank of Japan is the world's most interventionist major central bank, having maintained near-zero or negative interest rates for 25+ years and acc...
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The EBRD is unique among MDBs: founded in 1991 to promote market economies in former communist states, with explicit political conditionality requirin...
European Central Bank
The ECB sets monetary policy for the eurozone's 350+ million people across 20 countries. Unlike national central banks, it must coordinate 20 differen...
Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve is the central banking system of the United States, responsible for monetary policy, banking supervision, and financial stability....
GIC Private Limited (Government of Singapore Investment Corporation)
GIC is Singapore's sovereign wealth fund for managing the nation's foreign reserves — a patient apex predator that deploys capital with disciplined re...
Government Pension Fund Global (Norges Bank Investment Management)
Norway's Government Pension Fund Global is the world's largest sovereign wealth fund at over $1.8 trillion — owning roughly 1.5% of every listed compa...
Inter-American Development Bank
The Inter-American Development Bank is the oldest multilateral development bank in the Western Hemisphere, lending roughly $13 billion annually to Lat...
International Monetary Fund
The IMF is the central institution of the international monetary system, providing financial assistance to countries in crisis and surveillance of glo...
People's Bank of China
The PBoC is China's central bank, managing monetary policy, exchange rates, and a $3.2 trillion foreign reserve stockpile. Unlike Western central bank...
Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund is the most politically concentrated sovereign wealth fund on Earth. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman simultaneo...
Reserve Bank of Australia
The RBA is Australia's central bank, managing an economy that went 28+ years without recession (1991-2020) primarily by riding China's commodity super...
Reserve Bank of India
The RBI is India's central bank, managing the world's fifth-largest economy and overseeing a banking system where 70% of assets are in government-owne...
Swiss National Bank
The SNB is Switzerland's central bank, unique for its massive balance sheet (~100% of GDP), $172B in US equity holdings, publicly traded shares, and t...
World Bank
The World Bank Group is the world's largest development finance institution, comprising IBRD (lending to middle-income countries), IDA (grants/loans t...