Hub-and-Spoke Network Topology
Networks concentrate connectivity in hubs (IXPs, Tier 1 networks, platform providers, open-source maintainers) that facilitate coordination but shouldn't dictate or exploit.
Mycorrhizal networks have complex topology with hub trees (mother trees) - large, old trees with extensive root systems and high connectivity acting as network keystones. They're disproportionately connected to many other trees; removing hub trees fragments networks. Peripheral nodes (young seedlings, small plants) have fewer connections and depend heavily on hubs. Fungal bridges create long-distance links, and network redundancy (multiple fungal species, multiple paths) increases resilience.
Business Application of Hub-and-Spoke Network Topology
Networks concentrate connectivity in hubs (IXPs, Tier 1 networks, platform providers, open-source maintainers) that facilitate coordination but shouldn't dictate or exploit. Hub position creates responsibility: hubs that serve the network (like mother trees sharing with seedlings, AWS reducing prices) sustain cooperation; hubs that exploit (like Enron) destroy networks.