Biology of Business

Entertainment

145 inventions in this category

Entertainment inventions solve the problem of experience at scale—allowing millions to witness events they could never physically attend. While writing took 175,000 years to establish and printing 1,000 years to mature, audiovisual media (radio, television, film) penetrated society within decades. Radio's 1920s "Golden Age" reached 80% of American households by 1939; television displaced radio as the home entertainment centerpiece by the 1950s. These inventions exhibit strong network effects and winner-take-all dynamics: once a format achieves critical mass (VHS over Betamax, streaming over DVD), alternatives collapse. They demonstrate costly signaling through production values—expensive content signals quality. The biological parallel is display behavior: peacocks evolved elaborate tails; studios evolved blockbuster budgets. Each entertainment medium copies its predecessor's ideas before finding its own form—radio borrowed from newspapers, television from radio, streaming from television.

Accordion

Accordion - requires enrichment

Aulos

Aulos - requires enrichment

Autochrome

first commercially successful color photography process

Bagpipes

The bagpipe emerged not from a flash of musical genius but from a herdsman's practical observation: animal skins held air, reeds made sound, and the c...

Banjo

The banjo did not emerge from a single moment of invention but from the forced convergence of West African musical traditions with Caribbean materials...

Barbat

Barbat - requires enrichment

Baroque guitar

The baroque guitar displaced both the lute and the vihuela through accessibility and versatility. Smaller than its Renaissance predecessors, with five...

Bass guitar

Bass guitar - requires enrichment

Bassoon

The bassoon emerged in the mid-17th century when French makers disassembled the one-piece dulcian into four joints—wing, butt, long joint, and bell—cr...

Blueprint

Blueprint - requires enrichment

Buisine

The buisine emerged because medieval Europe needed to reclaim the power of military brass signaling that had atrophied since Rome fell. For centuries,...

Byzantine lyra

The Byzantine lyra emerged because the Eastern Roman Empire sat at the crossroads of musical traditions from Central Asia, Persia, and the Mediterrane...

Calotype

The calotype emerged from a fundamental limitation of the daguerreotype: each daguerreotype was unique, a single unrepeatable image on a silver plate....

Carousel slide projector

The carousel slide projector emerged because gravity could solve what mechanics couldn't. Previous projectors used linear trays below the lens that li...

Cave painting

Cave painting is thought made permanent—the first technology for externalized memory that could outlast human lives. Before writing, before symbols ca...

Cellulose acetate film

Cellulose acetate film emerged because the explosive popularity of motion pictures had created a literal fire hazard. Nitrocellulose film—the only pra...

Cerulean blue

Cerulean blue solved a problem that had vexed artists for centuries: how to paint the sky. Natural ultramarine from lapis lazuli was ruinously expensi...

Chronophotographic gun

The chronophotographic gun captured time in slices thin enough to analyze. Etienne-Jules Marey, a French physiologist obsessed with movement, designed...

Chronophotography

Chronophotography emerged from a gambler's question: does a galloping horse ever have all four feet off the ground simultaneously? Leland Stanford, th...

Cinematograph

The cinematograph emerged from convergent invention so intense that a dozen inventors reached the same solution within a few years—proof that the adja...

Clarinet

The clarinet emerged around 1700 when Johann Christoph Denner modified the chalumeau, a simple folk instrument, by adding a register key that allowed...

Clavichord

The clavichord emerged because medieval musicians sought a keyboard instrument that could offer something neither the organ nor the harpsichord provid...

Cobalt blue

Cobalt blue - requires enrichment

Collodion wet-plate photography

Collodion wet-plate photography - requires enrichment

Color motion picture film

Color motion picture film emerged because Edward Raymond Turner recognized that the principles of color photography could be applied to moving images—...

Color photography

idea by Maxwell in 1855, first photo in 1861 by Sutton

Computer-generated imagery

Computer-generated imagery emerged because an experimental filmmaker realized that military surplus could create art—and repurposed an 850-pound anti-...

Daguerreotype

The daguerreotype crystallized from decades of parallel experimentation across Europe, yet it arrived with such dramatic impact that the French govern...

Digital audio player

Digital audio player - requires enrichment

Digital camera

The digital camera emerged from an unexpected convergence: space exploration and consumer electronics. NASA needed cameras that could transmit images...

Dissolving views

Before cinema, before animation, before any technology could capture motion, dissolving views created the illusion of transformation. By operating two...

Double bass

The double bass descends from both the viol family and the violin family, inheriting characteristics from each in ways that still confuse organologist...

Drum

The drum is a heartbeat made external. Rhythmic percussion predates drums—hands on bodies, sticks on logs, rocks on rocks—but the stretched-skin drum...

Dry photographic plate

Dry photographic plate - requires enrichment

Dulcian

The dulcian was the bassoon before the bassoon—a double-reed instrument with a folded conical bore that provided bass voices for Renaissance wind ense...

Egyptian blue

First synthetic pigment

Electric guitar

Electric guitar - requires enrichment

Electric organ

Electric organ - requires enrichment

Electronic television

Electronic television emerged on September 7, 1927, in a San Francisco laboratory when a 21-year-old inventor transmitted a single straight line to a...

Electrotachyscope

Electrotachyscope - requires enrichment

Flash powder

Flash powder - requires enrichment

Flute

The flute is humanity's oldest known musical instrument, and its existence 35,000 years ago poses a profound question: why would Ice Age populations,...

Gittern

Gittern - requires enrichment

Graphite

Graphite is carbon in sheets—the same element as diamond but arranged in layers that slide past each other, making it the original lubricant and writi...

Han purple and Han blue

Han purple and Han blue - requires enrichment

Hand-drawn animated film

Hand-drawn animated film - requires enrichment

Handheld film camera

Handheld film camera - requires enrichment

Hang

The steelpan, born in Trinidad's oil drum yards, had evolved for decades within Caribbean musical traditions. But its potential for transformation rem...

Harmonica

Harmonica - requires enrichment

Harp

The harp is a musical bow multiplied. Where the bow produced one note, the harp produces many; where the bow relied on mouth resonance, the harp carri...

Harpsichord

The harpsichord emerged because late medieval Europe had accumulated three separate technological traditions that, when combined, created something no...

Heliography

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce spent over a decade trying to make light write—to capture and fix the images that painters traced in camera obscuras but could...

Hurdy-gurdy

Hurdy-gurdy - requires enrichment

Inkjet printing

Inkjet printing - requires enrichment

Instant film

Instant film didn't emerge because Edwin Land was clever on February 21, 1947—it emerged because his three-year-old daughter asked why she couldn't se...

Janssen photographic revolver

Janssen photographic revolver - requires enrichment

Jew's harp

Jew's harp - requires enrichment

Kermes dye

Kermes is the oldest known red dye—humanity's first source of true crimson. The color comes from crushing the dried bodies of female scale insects in...

Kinetophone

Kinetophone - requires enrichment

Kinetoscope

By 1889, motion pictures were waiting to be assembled. The components existed separately: George Eastman's flexible celluloid film strips, Étienne-Jul...

Kithara

Kithara - requires enrichment

Lap steel guitar

Lap steel guitar - requires enrichment

Lira da braccio

Lira da braccio - requires enrichment

Lumière cinematograph

the Lumière brothers bought the rights to the name and patent and then applied them to what was mostly their own invention

Lute

The lute is a musical bow that grew a body. Where the bow relied on the player's mouth for resonance and the harp built an open frame, the lute attach...

Lyre

Lyre - requires enrichment

Magic lantern

The magic lantern was the first projection technology, casting painted images onto walls and screens through the combination of a light source, a lens...

Marimba

The marimba traveled from Africa to the Americas, evolving from xylophones that African slaves brought to Central America into the national instrument...

Marimbaphone

The modern marimba emerged from three continents converging on a single instrument. African balafons traveled to Central America with enslaved peoples...

Maya blue

Maya blue - requires enrichment

Mechanical television

Television's first incarnation was mechanical—a spinning disk with holes that carved images into flickering scan lines. On Christmas Eve 1883, Paul Ni...

Mellotron

The Mellotron emerged from an act of industrial espionage that inadvertently created progressive rock's defining instrument. In 1946, Harry Chamberlin...

Metronome

Metronome - requires enrichment

Modern guitar

By 1850, the modern classical guitar was waiting to be built. The baroque guitar had established the basic form—six strings, fretted neck, figure-eigh...

Movie camera

By 1890, the movie camera was waiting to be assembled. Celluloid film existed—George Eastman had begun producing thin, flexible sheets for Kodak camer...

MP3 player

The Walkman had proven that people would pay premium prices for portable music. CDs improved quality but remained skip-prone and limited to an hour of...

Musical bow

The musical bow is a hunting weapon that discovered it could sing. Every archer knows that a bowstring twangs when released; the musical bow is what h...

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) became the USB of music—a universal language that let synthesizers, computers, and instruments from differ...

Musical notation

Musical notation - requires enrichment

Nipkow disk

Nipkow disk - requires enrichment

Nitrocellulose film

Nitrocellulose film - requires enrichment

Oboe

The oboe didn't emerge from musical theory. It emerged from military signaling needs. In 17th-century Europe, armies needed loud, penetrating instrume...

OLED

OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) technology emerged from Ching Wan Tang and Steven Van Slyke's 1987 work at Eastman Kodak, proving that organic mat...

Ondes Martenot

The Ondes Martenot emerged in 1928 not from musical genius but from the convergence of three prerequisites: vacuum tube technology, heterodyne oscilla...

Organistrum

Organistrum - requires enrichment

Oud

Oud - requires enrichment

Pan flute

Pan flute - requires enrichment

Pedal harp

Pedal harp - requires enrichment

Phenakistiscope

Can also be considered the invention of the stroboscope

Photography

Photography - requires enrichment

Physautotype

Physautotype - requires enrichment

Piano

Piano - requires enrichment

Pigments

Pigments did not wait for artists. They waited for the cognitive capacity to see color as information—and that capacity emerged hundreds of thousands...

Pipa

The pipa did not emerge from Chinese soil—it arrived along the Silk Road, carried by Sogdian merchants who spoke the lingua franca of Asian trade. The...

Pipe organ

Pipe organ - requires enrichment

Plasma display

The plasma display emerged from an unlikely source: the need to teach computing to students who couldn't afford expensive CRT terminals. Donald Bitzer...

Player piano

Player piano - requires enrichment

Polyphonic synthesizer

At the Winter NAMM show in January 1978, Dave Smith and Sequential Circuits unveiled the Prophet-5 to an astonished audience. Here was a polyphonic sy...

Portable audio player

The portable audio player emerged on July 1, 1979, when Sony's Walkman TPS-L2 went on sale in Japan for 33,000 yen (about $150)—a 14-ounce, blue-and-s...

Praxinoscope

Praxinoscope - requires enrichment

Programmable synthesizer

Programmable synthesizer - requires enrichment

Psaltery

Psaltery - requires enrichment

Pump organ

Pump organ - requires enrichment

Radioluminescent paint

Radioluminescent paint - requires enrichment

Rebab

Rebab - requires enrichment

Rotoscoping

Tracing creates motion. This principle—converting filmed movement into drawn animation frame-by-frame—explains why rotoscoping emerged when technologi...

Salt print

Salt print - requires enrichment

Saxophone

Saxophone - requires enrichment

Shawm

Shawm - requires enrichment

Sheng

Sheng - requires enrichment

Slide projector

Slide projector - requires enrichment

Smalt

Glass colored with cobalt oxide is called "smalt" when ground into a pigment

Steelpan

Steelpan - requires enrichment

Subtractive color film

Subtractive color film - requires enrichment

Synthetic ultramarine

Synthetic ultramarine - requires enrichment

Talking drum

Language itself shaped this instrument. In West Africa, where Yoruba, Akan, and other languages use pitch to distinguish meaning, the talking drum eme...

Television set

Television set - requires enrichment

Théâtre optique

Théâtre optique - requires enrichment

Theremin

Theremin - requires enrichment

Three-strip color film

Three-strip color film - requires enrichment

Timpani

The kettledrum traveled west on horseback, carried by the military innovations of Islamic cavalry and brought to European courts through diplomatic di...

Trautonium

Trautonium - requires enrichment

Trombone

The trombone appeared around 1450 as the "sackbut," a slide-operated brass instrument capable of playing any note in its range through continuous adju...

Trumpet

Trumpet - requires enrichment

Trumpet with pistons

Trumpet with pistons - requires enrichment

Tuba

The tuba didn't emerge from musical innovation. It emerged from military band instrumentation gaps. By the 1830s, Prussian military bands needed a bas...

Two-color additive color film

Two-color additive color film - requires enrichment

Ultramarine

Ultramarine emerged because the mountains of northeastern Afghanistan contained the world's only significant deposits of lapis lazuli, and artists dis...

Vermilion

Vermilion did not emerge as decoration. It emerged as transformation—the first pigment that required humans to process a mineral through heat and chem...

Vibraphone

Vibraphone - requires enrichment

Video camera tube

first video camera tube: the Image dissector. Soon replaced by the iconoscope and then other designs

Video game console

Ralph Baer had been thinking about interactive television since 1951. Working at defense contractor Sanders Associates in New Hampshire, he built prot...

Video tape recorder

Video tape recorder - requires enrichment

Videocassette and videocassette recorder

Video tape recording existed in broadcast studios since the 1950s—Ampex's quadruplex recorders captured live television for time-shifting across time...

Vielle

The vielle was medieval Europe's fiddle—a bowed string instrument that accompanied troubadours, minstrels, and courtly musicians from roughly the 10th...

Vihuela

The vihuela was Spain's guitar—similar in size and tuning to the lute but with a flat back and guitar-like shape that made it easier to construct and...

Viola da gamba

The viola da gamba held the role that cellos and basses later took—the mid-to-low range of ensemble music—before being displaced by violin family inst...

Violin, viola, and cello

Violin, viola, and cello - requires enrichment

Water organ

Ctesibius' most commonly known invention today is a pipe organ (hydraulis), a predecessor of the modern church organ.

Western concert flute

Western concert flute - requires enrichment

Whiteprint

The whiteprint didn't emerge from imaging science. It emerged from ammonia fumes. By 1890, architects and engineers were drowning in blueprints—cyanot...

Xerography

Xerography - requires enrichment

Xylophone

The xylophone emerged independently across Africa, Southeast Asia, and possibly other regions—a clear case of convergent evolution in musical instrume...

Zither

Zither - requires enrichment

Zoopraxiscope

Zoopraxiscope - requires enrichment