Egypt

Egypt's governance has been dominated by military officers since the 1952 Free Officers Revolution — Nasser, Sadat, Mubarak, and now Sisi all came from the armed forces. The military's economic empire extends far beyond defence: military-owned enterprises operate in construction, agriculture, manufacturing, hospitality, and consumer goods, controlling an estimated 25-40% of GDP through entities exempt from taxation and civilian oversight. The Suez Canal generates roughly $8-9 billion annually in transit fees, providing hard currency that the government depends on but doesn't control — canal revenues flow through the Suez Canal Authority, a military-adjacent institution. Egypt's population of over 100 million is concentrated on roughly 5% of the country's land area along the Nile, creating a population density pattern that makes the country structurally dependent on food imports (the world's largest wheat importer). The governance model is a military organism that has civilianised its surface while maintaining institutional control of economic resources — a camouflage strategy that provides democratic legitimacy without democratic accountability.