Zoology
Vertebrate
An animal with a backbone (spinal column). Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—about 70,000 species representing less than 5% of all animal species.
Biological Context
The vertebral column protects the spinal cord and provides structural support. Vertebrates share common body plans and developmental patterns. Despite being a minority of species, vertebrates dominate many ecosystems due to size, mobility, and cognitive capabilities.
Business Application
Vertebrate organizations have clear central structures—hierarchies, reporting lines, command chains. The 'backbone' provides stability and coordination but can also create rigidity. Most large organizations are vertebrate in structure.