Riparian

"...sition? --- References Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics Helfield, James M., and Robert J. Naiman. "Effects of Salmon-Derived Nitrogen on Riparian Forest Growth and Implications for Stream Productivity." Ecology 82, no. 9 (2001): 2403–2409. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.18..."

"(Schindler et al., 2003, demonstrated that salmon-derived nutrients can account for 20-40% of the nitrogen in riparian vegetation near spawning streams.) But oak trees are polycarpic (iteroparous): They reproduce many times."

"Classic example: Gray wolves eliminated from Yellowstone (1920s) → elk populations surged → aspen and willow overgrazed → riparian habitats degraded → beaver populations declined. Wolf reintroduction (1995) initiated cascade reversal - elk behavior changed (avoiding risky open ar..."

"Elk, now wary of wolves, abandoned river valleys where escape was difficult, spending less time grazing riparian willows and aspens. Within years, willows and aspens - suppressed for decades by intensive elk browsing - surged back."

"Wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone in the 1920s. In their absence, elk populations exploded, overbrowsing willow, aspen, and cottonwood in riparian areas. When wolves were reintroduced in 1995-96, elk populations declined and elk behavior changed (avoiding risky open areas like river valleys wher..."