Evolution
Peto's Paradox
The observation that cancer rates do not increase proportionally with organism size or lifespan, despite larger animals having more cells that could become cancerous.
Biological Context
A blue whale has 1000x more cells than a human, yet doesn't have 1000x higher cancer rates. Large, long-lived animals appear to have evolved enhanced cancer suppression mechanisms. Elephants have extra copies of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Whales may benefit from tumors that grow too slowly relative to body size to become lethal.
Business Application
Peto's paradox suggests that scale itself can be protective. Large organizations may develop 'immune systems' against internal dysfunction that smaller ones lack—but only if they evolve such mechanisms rather than simply growing large.