Pathogen

"...w think about what happens when the membrane fails. If a cell membrane is damaged - punctured by a mechanical force, degraded by toxins, attacked by pathogens - the cell has minutes to hours before it dies. The carefully maintained gradients collapse. Water rushes in or out."

"...igest their own damaged components and recycle them. Mild metabolic stress leads to improved metabolic efficiency. Vaccines are hormetic. A weakened pathogen triggers an immune response stronger than necessary for that specific threat, conferring protection against future encounters. The biological logic ..."

"...rent's design is well-adapted, this strategy dominates. The disadvantage: lack of diversity. All offspring share the same genetic vulnerabilities. A pathogen that can infect one can infect all. An environmental change that threatens one threatens the entire population."

"...tion) - Dose-response: 1-10 mSv/year beneficial (disputed), 100+ mSv/year harmful (cancer risk increases) Vaccines (immune stress): - Attenuated pathogen triggers immune response (antibody production, T-cell memory) - Adaptation: Immune system "remembers" pathogen, responds faster upon reinfection - Do..."

"...ng on the forest floor in deep shade is nearly impossible. The soil is densely rooted by mature trees. Light levels are 1-3% of full sunlight. Fungal pathogens are abundant. But on a nurse log: - Elevated above the forest floor (better light, 3-5% instead of 1-2%) - Decomposing wood provides nutrients - Few..."