Insulin

"But cells also export valuable things: signaling molecules, hormones, neurotransmitters. Some cells export their primary products (insulin from pancreatic cells, antibodies from B cells). Again, it's not random. The cell packages certain molecules for export, sends them to the membrane ..."

"If it tried to respond to everything, it would thrash between contradictory states. Instead, it has roughly 100,000 insulin receptors and essentially ignores most other signals. When blood glucose rises after you eat, the pancreas releases insulin."

"The trigger is photoperiod - decreasing daylight signals winter's approach (Paul et al., 2008). The bear's metabolism shifts. Leptin and insulin resistance increase, preventing satiation. She can eat continuously without feeling full. This isn't gluttony; it's biochemical preparation for six m..."

"Slow-growing organisms live long. mTOR senses nutrients through multiple channels - amino acids (especially leucine and arginine), growth factors (insulin, IGF-1), energy levels (ATP availability). When nutrients flood in, mTOR activates. When nutrients disappear, mTOR goes silent. **The evidence is un..."

"...oot Development (1923-2023) In 1923, two Danish scientists (August Krogh and Hans Christian Hagedorn) founded Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium to produce insulin for diabetes treatment. This was cutting-edge at the time - insulin had just been discovered in 1921. For the next 100 years, Novo Nordisk (form..."