Chromosome

"...ves its normal life - S: DNA replication - the cell copies all its genetic material - G2: More growth, preparation for division - M: Mitosis proper - chromosomes separate, cell divides At multiple points in this cycle, there are checkpoints. Quality control. Is the DNA damaged? Fix it or stop the cycle."

"...alf - a process called mitosis that transforms one cell into two identical daughter cells. Here's what actually happens: The cell duplicates all its chromosomes (the instruction manuals), organizes them into neat pairs, then literally tears itself in two. The entire cell cycle - from one cell to two daughter ..."

"...oduction and Replication When Growth Means Copying What Works Right now, in your gut, a bacterium is dividing. It takes 20 minutes. The circular chromosome - a loop of DNA containing everything needed to build and operate this single cell - duplicates. Enzymes unzip the double helix."

"Recombination**: Sexual reproduction shuffles existing genetic variants through meiotic recombination (crossover between homologous chromosomes). While not creating new mutations, recombination generates new combinations, increasing variation. Recombination rates are also evolvable - some org..."

"Despite its simplicity, it captures the essential dynamics of random sampling in evolution. Consider a diploid (organisms with two copies of each chromosome, like humans) population of size N containing two alleles (versions of a gene) at a locus (a specific position in the genome): A and a."