Allele

"...ircadian evolution with a 9:00 AM standup. Sarah is one of 25% of the population with the evening chronotype - genetically programmed with long PER3 alleles and CRY1 delayed sleep phase variants. Her cortisol surge comes 2 hours late. Her melatonin onset comes 2 hours late."

"This is portfolio adjustment, not business model innovation. Glencore's adaptations resemble genetic drift or gene flow (adjusting allele frequencies through migration, selection on existing variants) rather than mutation (generating new variants). Outcome: Glencore revenue $231B (..."

"...by randomly sampling 2N alleles from the current gene pool - equivalent to flipping a biased coin 2N times, where the probability of "heads" (drawing allele A) is p. This random sampling introduces variance. The expected frequency in the next generation is still p, but the actual frequency will fluctuate..."

"...roduced, its alleles entered the local gene pool (the complete set of genetic variants in a population). Over time, migration homogenized (equalized) allele frequencies between connected populations, even in the absence of selection. A variant at 90% frequency in population A and 10% frequency in populati..."

"...sin, or EDA, a gene that regulates development of scales, armor plates, and other skin structures) in most populations. Moreover, the low-armor allele was already present at low frequency in the ancestral marine population as standing genetic variation** (genetic diversity that already exists in a..."