Concept · Cognitive Bias: Memory biases and distortions
Reality monitoring error
Origin: Johnson & Raye, 1981
Biological Parallel
Primates planning future actions pre-activate motor and sensory cortex—imagined experiences create neural patterns similar to real ones, making them hard to distinguish later. Reality monitoring errors occur because prediction systems use the same neural machinery as perception: simulating 'what if' leaves traces resembling 'what happened.' This is simulation's cost: mental rehearsal aids planning but creates ambiguity between imagined and executed actions.