Inversion

Biological Parallel

Toxicologists don't just study what makes organisms healthy—they invert the question: what kills them? Lethal dose studies, poison mechanisms, and venom research reveal biological constraints by examining failure modes. This inverted approach often yields clearer insights than studying health directly. Munger's inversion mirrors this method: instead of asking 'how do I succeed?' ask 'how do I fail?' then avoid those paths, illuminating strategy through negation.