Western Union
TL;DR
Western Union appears as a contrast to M-Pesa's mutualistic model.
Western Union appears as a contrast to M-Pesa's mutualistic model. Traditional money transfer services like Western Union charged exorbitant fees that made financial services economically irrational for rural Kenyans earning $2-5 per day. M-Pesa processed more transactions than Western Union in Kenya within two years of launch, demonstrating how mutualistic models can displace extractive ones.