Stora Enso

Finnish-Swedish forestry and biomaterials company tracing its origins to 1288 when copper mining began at Stora in Sweden, making it one of the world's oldest continuously operating companies. Over seven centuries, the company has undergone multiple fundamental business transformations from copper mining to forest industries to advanced biomaterials.

Stora Enso exemplifies organizational succession through stages paralleling ecological processes. The company's evolution demonstrates facilitation across centuries - each business stage created assets enabling the next. Mining capital enabled forestry land acquisition; forestry expertise now enables biomaterials development.