Bukalapak
Bukalapak pioneered Indonesia's online marketplace model (2010), focusing on small businesses and rural merchants ignored by competitors. The company went public in 2021 in Indonesia's largest tech IPO ($1.5B), though struggled with profitability amid intense competition. Bukalapak's warung partnership model - integrating traditional small shops into digital payment systems - represents symbiotic strategy: enhancing existing organisms rather than replacing them.