Citation

The definition of El Niño

Kevin E. Trenberth

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (1997)

TL;DR

ENSO operates on 2-7 year irregular cycles

Standard scientific reference for understanding El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the 2-7 year interannual climate cycle that creates unpredictable droughts and floods globally. ENSO is the primary driver of short-term climate variability and demonstrates cycles that individuals experience multiple times per lifetime but cannot predict precisely.

Key Findings from Trenberth (1997)

  • ENSO operates on 2-7 year irregular cycles
  • Creates global patterns of droughts and floods
  • Timing is unpredictable even though cycle is known