The Architecture of Complexity
Complex systems are nearly universally hierarchical
Simon's classic paper argued that complex systems are nearly always hierarchically organized because hierarchy provides stability and evolvability. He showed that hierarchical (fractal-like) structures evolve faster than non-hierarchical ones because subsystems can be developed and optimized independently.
This work provides theoretical grounding for why fractal organizational structures are ubiquitous - they're not just efficient for resource distribution, but also more evolvable and stable than flat alternatives.
Key Findings from Simon (1962)
- Complex systems are nearly universally hierarchical
- Hierarchy enables faster evolution through modular development
- Near-decomposability allows subsystems to be optimized independently
- Hierarchic systems evolve far more quickly than non-hierarchic systems
- Near-decomposability enables managing complexity through modular organization
- Stable intermediate forms are essential for evolution of complex systems
- Complex systems are nearly decomposable - subsystem interactions are weaker than internal interactions
Used in 2 chapters
See how this research informs the book's frameworks:
Classic paper arguing hierarchical (fractal-like) structures are ubiquitous because they're more evolvable and stable than flat alternatives.
See hierarchy advantages →Foundational paper establishing theoretical basis for modularity - near-decomposability enables faster evolution through independent subsystem development.
See modularity theory →