Citation
The mammalian sinoatrial node
TL;DR
SA node contains heterogeneous pacemaker cell population
Comprehensive review of sinoatrial node function demonstrating how distributed pacemaker cells create robust cardiac rhythm control with built-in redundancy - a biological model for distributed organizational systems.
Key Findings from Opthof (1988)
- SA node contains heterogeneous pacemaker cell population
- Backup pacemakers activate if SA node fails
- System provides fault tolerance through distribution